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title: 第五章 佛學基礎 Chapter 5 Basic Doctrines Tri-Pitaka (or Tipitaka)
description: "The Tripitaka"
---

Chapter 5 Basic Doctrines Tri-Pitaka (or Tipitaka)

第五章 佛學基礎

The Tripitaka

三藏經典

Tripitaka is the collection of the teachings of the Buddha over 45 years in the Pali language, and it consists of Sutta---conventionalteaching, Vinaya ---disciplinary code, and Abhidhamma---moral psychology.

The Tripitaka was compiled and arranged in its present form by those Arahants who had immediate contact with the Master Himself.

三藏經典是結集了佛陀弘法四十五年的教義，以巴利文記錄的佛教經典。

其中包括：律藏、經藏和論藏。佛教的三藏經典是由親耳聽聞佛陀言說的阿拉漢們所結集的。

The Buddha has passed away, but the sublime Dhamma which He unreservedly bequeathed to humanity still exists in its pristine purity.

佛陀雖然已經入滅，但是他生前的教誨，毫無保留的流傳下來，一直到今天。

Although the Master has left no written records of His Teachings, His distinguished disciples preserved them by committing to memory and transmitting them orally from generation to generation.

佛陀雖然沒有著書立論，可是他的教義，卻由他的弟子們以超凡的記憶，一代一代的以口頭方式流傳下來。

Immediately after the final passing away of the Buddha, 500 distinguished Arahants held a convention known as the First Buddhist Council to rehearse the Doctrine taught by the Buddha. Venerable Ananda, the faithful attendant of the Buddha who had the special privilege of hearing all the discourses the Buddha ever uttered, recited the Dhamma, whilst the Venerable Upali recited the Vinaya, the rules of conduct for the Sangha.
One hundred years after the First Buddhist Council, during King Kalasoka, some disciples saw the need to change certain minor rules. The orthodox monk said that nothing should be changed while the others insisted on modifying some disciplinary rules(Vinaya). Finally, the formation of different schools of Buddhism germinated after this council. And in the Second Council, only matters pertaining to the Vinaya were discussed and no controversy about the Dhamma was reported.

In the 3rd Century B. C. during the time of Emperor Asoka, the Third Council was held to discuss the differences of opinion held by the Sangha community. At this Council the differences were not confined to the Vinaya but were also connected with the Dhamma. At the end of this Council, the President of the Council, Ven. Moggaliputta Tissa, compiled a book called Kathavatthu refuting the heretical, false views and theories held by some disciples. The teaching approved and accepted by this Council was known as Theravada. The Abhidhamma Pitaka was held in Sri Lanka in 80 B. C. is known as the 4th Council under the patronage of the pious King Vattagamini Abbaya. It was at this time in Sri Lanka that the Tripitaka was first committed to writing.

The Tripitaka consists of three sections of the Buddha's Teachings. They are the Discipline(Vinaya Pitaka), the Discourse(Sutta Pitaka), and Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma Pitaka).

佛陀入滅後，五百名上座阿拉漢弟子即刻召集了結集大會，重覆地審核了佛陀的教義，當時，由阿難達尊者誦出經藏，伍巴離尊者誦出律藏。在第一次結集一百年後，當卡拉索喀(alasoa)王朝時，舉行了第二次結集。這是因為有部分信徒提出要求修改十項戒律(十事非法)，但是，遭到上座弟子們反對，他們認為佛陀所訂立的戒律是完整的，不需要做任何的更動，要求修改戒律的信眾決定舉行另外的結集，這稱為大眾部結集，這導致僧團的分裂。

到了公元前三世紀，阿首咖 (Asoka) 時代，舉行了第三次結集。在這次結集中，僧眾們對經藏和律藏都發表了意見，也一致的對經藏和律藏做了再次結集。在這次結集後，主持莫噶里普塔 .提薩(Moggalputta Tssa，古譯：目犍連子帝須)尊者，從經藏中整理出第一部「論」《辨宗義論 》(Atthaatthu)，讓信徒們更容易的理解佛陀的教義。上座部通過和接受了論藏(阿毗達摩，Abhidhamma)為佛教經典的一部分，到這時候，三藏經典才完全的定了型。

公元 80 年，第四次結集在斯里蘭卡舉行，由國王瓦塔噶米尼 .阿巴鴉 (Vattagamn Abbaya) 主持。這是在佛教史上，第一次將三藏經典以文字記載下來。

三藏寶典分為三個部分：律藏、經藏和論藏。

Vinaya Pitaka

律藏：

The Vinaya Pitaka mainly deals with the rules and regulations of the Order of monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis). It describes in detail the gradual development of the Sasana(Dispensation). It also gives an account of the life and ministry of the Buddha. Indirectly it reveals some useful information about ancient history, Indian customs, arts, sciences, etc.

For nearly twenty years since His Enlightenment, the Buddha did not lay down rules for the control of the Sangha. Later, as the occasion arose, the Buddha promulgated rules for the future discipline of the Sangha.

This Pitaka consists of the five following books:---

Parajika Pali (Major Offences) Pacittiya Pali (Minor Offences) Mahavagga Pali (Greater Section) Cullavagga Pali (Smaller Section) Parivara Pali (Epitome of the Vinaya)

律藏記錄了比庫和比庫尼生活的戒律。它詳細的記載了佛陀所教化的戒律和道德生活的漸次進展。它也記載了佛陀弘法的生涯，也間接的記載了當時印度的歷史、風俗、習慣、藝術和科學等有價值的史料。

佛陀證悟後的二十年內，並沒有訂立任何戒律。後來僧團逐漸龐大，所帶來的問題也多了，因此，佛陀開始為僧團制定戒律。

在律藏中保留至今的五種：

一、巴拉基嘎 (Pàràjika，古譯：波羅夷)。

二、巴吉帝亞 (Pàcittiya，古譯：波逸提)。

三、大品律 (Mahā-vagga)。

四、小品律 (Cullaagga)。

五、附隨 (Parivāra)。

Sutta Pitaka

The Sutta Pitaka consists chiefly of discourses delivered by the Buddha Himself on various occasions. There are also a few discourses delivered by some of His distinguished disciples, such as the Venerable Sariputta, Ananda, Moggallana, etc., included in it. It is like a book of prescriptions, as the sermons embodied therein were expounded to suit the different occasions and the temperaments of various persons. There may be seemingly contradictory statements, but they should not be misconstrued as they were opportunely uttered by the Buddha to suit a particular purpose.

This Pitaka is divided into five Nikayas or collections, viz:--

Digha Nikaya (Collection of Long Discourses) Majjhima Nikaya (Collection of Middle-length Discourses) Samyutta Nikaya (Collection of Kindred Sayings) Anguttara Nikaya (Collection of Discourses arranged in accordance with number) Khuddaka Nikaya(Smaller Collection) The fifth is subdivided into fifteen books:--- Khuddaka Patha (Shorter Texts) Dhammapada (The Way of Truth) Udana (Heartfelt sayings or Paeons of Joy) Iti Vuttaka ('Thus said" Discourses) Sutta Nipata (Collected Discourses) Vimana Vatthu (Stories of Celestial Mansions) Peta Vatthu (Stories of Petas) Theragatha (Psalms of the Brethren) Therigatha (Psalms of the Sisters) Jataka (Birth Stories) Niddesa (Expositions) Patisambhida (Analytical Knowledge) Apadana (Lives of Saints) Buddhavamsa (The History of Buddha) Cariya Pitaka (Modes of Conduct)

經藏：

經藏主要收錄了佛陀在各種場合所講述的教義。其中也包括了佛陀的弟子如：沙利子 (Sàriputta)、阿難達 (ânanda) 和馬哈摩嘎喇那 (Mahàmoggallàna) 等的弘法記錄。經藏是一套非常究竟的經典，佛陀為了弘揚佛法，將這些教義善巧的加以解說，以適應各種不同的環境和不同性格或理解力的人。

經藏分為五大部：

一、長部 (Dãghanikàya)

二、中部 (Majjhimanikàya)

三、相應部 (Saüyuttanikàya)

四、增支部 (Aïguttaranikàya)

五、小部 (Khuddakanikàya)

小部經藏共收錄了十五部經：

1、小誦(Khuddaka patha)

2、法句(Dhammapada)

3、自說(Udana)

4、如是語(Itivuttaka)

5、經集(Suttanipata)

6、天宮事(Vimanavatthu)

7、餓鬼事(Petavatthu)

8、長老偈(Theragatha)

9、長老尼偈(Therigatha)

10、本生(Jataka)

11、義釋(Nidesa)

12、無礙解道(Patisambhidamagga)

13、譬喻(Apadana)

14、佛種姓(Buddhavamsa)

15、所行藏(Caciyapitaka)

Abhidhamma Pitaka

論藏(阿毗達摩)：

The Abhidhamma is, to a deep thinker, the most important and interesting, as it contains the profound philosophy of the Buddha's teaching in contrast to the illuminating but simpler discourses in the Sutta Pitaka.

In the Sutta Pitaka one often finds references to individual, being, etc., but in the Abhidhamma, instead of such conventional terms, we meet with ultimate terms, such as aggregates, mind, matter, etc.

In the Sutta is found the Vohara Desana (Conventional Teaching), whilst in the Abhidhamma is found the Paramattha Desana (Ultimate Doctrine).

In the Abhidhamma everything is analysed and explained in detail, and as such it is called analytical doctrine (Vibhajja Vada).

Four ultimate things (Paramattha) are enumerated in the Abhidhamma. They are Citta, (Consciousness), Cetasika (Mental concomitants), Rupa (Matter) and Nibbana.

The so-called being is microscopically analysed and its component parts are minutely described. Finally the ultimate goal and the method to achieve it is explained with all necessary details.

The Abhidhamma Pitaka is composed of the following works:--

Dhamma-Sangani (Enumeration of Phenomena) Vibhanga (The Book of the Treatises) Katha Vatthu (Point of Controversy) Puggala Pannatti (Description of Individuals) Dhatu Katha (Discussion with reference to Elements) Yamaka (The Book of Pairs) Patthana (The Book of Relations) According to another classification, mentioned by the Buddha Himself, the whole Teachings is ninefold, namely ---1. Sutta, 2. Geyya, 3. Veyyakarama, 4. Gatha, 5. Udana, 6. Itivuttaka, 7. Jataka, 8. Abbhutadhamma, 9. Vedalla. Sutta? These are the short, medium, and long discourses expounded by the Buddha on various occasions, such as Mangala Sutta (Discourse on Blessings), Ratana Sutta (The Jewel Discourse), Metta Sutta(Discourse on Goodwill), etc. According to the Commentary the whole Vinaya Pitaka is also included in this division. Geyya _These are discourses mixed with Gathas or verses, such as the Sagathavagga of the Samyutta Nikaya. Veyyakarana --- Lit. exposition. The whole Abhidhamma Pitaka, discourses without verses, and everything that is not included in the remaining eight divisions belong to this class. Gatha --- These include verses found in the Dhammapada (Way of Truth), Theragatha (Psalms of the Brethren). Therigatha (Psalms of the Sisters), and those isolated verses which are not classed amongst the Sutta. Udana _These are the 'Paeons of Joy' found in the Udana, one of the divisions of the Khuddaka Nikaya. Itivuttaka _ These are the 112 discourses which commence with the phrases _ 'Thus the Blessed One has Said'. Itivuttaka is one of the fifteen books that comprise the Khuddaka Nikaya. Jataka _ These are the 547 birth-stories related by the Buddha in connection with His previous births. Abbhutadhamma _ These are the few discourses that deal with wonderful and marvelous things, as for example the Accariya-Abbhutadhamma Sutta of the Majjhima Nikaya (No. 123). Vedalla _ These are the pleasurable discourses, such as Chulla Vedalla, Maha Vedalla (M. N. Nos 43,44), Samma Ditthi Sutta (M. N. No. 9), etc. In some of these discourses, the answers give to certain questions were put with a feeling of joy.

論藏，對一個肯思考的人來說，是重要和有意義的。它包含了佛教所有高深的哲理，與經藏深入淺出的說教方式，剛好成為一個強烈的對比。經藏中所提出的問題，是屬于個人或眾生。但是，在論藏中不同于這些傳統的名目，我們面對的是一些探索生命本質的名詞，如：假合、名、色等等。在經藏中所記載的是普通的教義(普法，ohara Desana)，在論藏中所記載的是究竟的教義(對法，Paramattha Desana)。

在論藏中，每一件事物都加以詳細的分析和說明，因此稱為分析的教義。

論藏中包含了四種有關于生命終極的究竟法 (Paramattha)， 它們是：心法(Citta)、心所法(Cetasa)、色法(Rūpa)和涅槃法(Nibbàna)。這四種究竟法，對眾生進行了細微的分析和詳細的解說，一切都是因緣條件和四大的假合。最後，它更將所有有關于達到終極目標的方法和細節都加以更詳細的分析和解釋。

論藏包括以下七部經典：

一、法集論(Dhammasaïgaõã)

二、分別論(Vibhaïga)

三、界 論(Dhàtukathà)

四、人施設論(Puggalapa¤¤atti)

五、論 事(Kathàvatthu)

六、雙 論(Yamaka)

七、發趣論(Paññhàna)

另一種對三藏寶典的分類法是根據佛陀的論說，而分為九類(九分教)：

一、契經(Sutta)：散文體，是佛陀在各種場合宣說的各種長、中、短的經文、如：《祝福經》(Mangala Suttaü)、《寶經》(Ratana Suttaü)和《慈心經》(Metta Suttaü)等。律藏的全部經文都屬于這個體裁。

二、重頌(Geyya)：以散文體的論說于前，偈頌結尾，有重新宣示之意。如：《相應部經》等等。

三、記說(Veyyàkaraõa)：即廣分別說，整部論藏都屬于這類，在三藏中除了其它八類外，都全部屬于這類。

四、偈頌(Gàthà)：詩偈體，全部經文以詩偈誦出。如《法句經》、《長老偈經》、《長老尼偈經》等。

五、自說(Udàna)：是佛陀即興發表的言說。這類經文一部分收錄在《小部》 中。

六、本事(Itivuttaka)：共有一百一十二部經。每部經都以「如是我聞」作為開始。也是《小部》十五部中之一。

七、本生(Jàtaka)：收錄了五百四十七個佛陀自說過去世因緣的故事。

八、稀有法(Abbhuta dhamma)：解說一切絕妙稀有的事，如：《稀有法經》(《中部》第 123 經)。

九、方廣(Vedalla)：意義方廣大的經文，如：《大毗陀羅經》(《中部》第 43 經)、《毗陀羅經》(《中部》第 44 經)、《正見經》(《中部》第 9 經)等。這些都是佛陀回答發問者而令他們充滿法喜的經文。