22 -TheStateofWoe (Dh.306-319) 二十二、地獄品
22 -TheStateofWoe (Dh.306-319)
- The liar goes to the state of woe; also he who, having done (wrong), says, 「I did not do it.」 Men of base actions both, on departing they share the same destiny in the other world. 307. There are many evil characters and uncontrolled men wearing the saffron robe. These wicked men will be born in states ofwoe because of their evil deeds. 308. It would be better to swallow a red-hot iron ball, blazing like fire, than as an immoral and uncontrolled monk to eat the alms ofthe people. 309. Four misfortunes befall the reckless man who consorts with another』s spouse︰ acquisition of demerit, disturbed sleep, illreputeand (rebirth in) statesofwoe. 310. Such a man acquires demerit and an unhappy birth in the future. Brief is the pleasure of the frightened man and woman, and the king imposes heavy punishment. Hence, let no man consort with another』s spouse.
saffron︰n.橙黃色,番紅花。 swallow︰v.吞。consort︰v.陪伴。
〈二十二、地獄品〉
306說妄語者墮地獄,或已作言「我無作」。此二惡業者死後, 他世同受地獄苦。1
307多袈裟纏頸,惡行不節制,惡人以惡業,終墮于地獄。2
308若破戒無制,受人信施食,不如吞鐵丸──熱從火焰出。 3
1佛陀的僧團日見壯大,受到敬愛、敬重、尊敬與供養。相對的,外道所 受的尊敬與供養減少,于是他們找來孫陀利 (Sundari),要她表現好像與 佛陀私通。後來,外道顧用殺手,殺害她,把她的尸體埋在祇園精舍附 近,並放出風聲孫陀利失蹤,並報告國王,經過搜查,結果在祇園精舍 附近找到尸體。國王經過調查發現真凶。因此事件,佛陀了此偈。
2大目犍連尊者與勒叉那尊者下山時,大目犍連尊者見到骷髏鬼,而微笑。 此餓鬼原在迦葉佛時為比丘作惡多端,他們已在地獄受苦十萬年之久, 現在尚有殘余業報,感受自體之苦。 (cf. Vin.Para.III,107.ff.;S.19.1~21.)
3毘舍離 (Vesali)發生饑荒,某些比丘為了有足夠的食物,他們互相讚嘆證 到上人法 (聖果),所以得到豐富的食物供養。佛陀因此制定︰若妄稱證 得上人法者,犯波羅夷罪 (失去比丘身份的罪 )。(Para.III,87.ff)
〈309~ 310〉 309放逸淫人妻,必遭于四事:獲罪.睡不安,誹三.地獄四。 310非福並惡趣,恐怖樂甚少,國王加重罪,故莫淫他婦。1
- Just as Kusa grass wrongly handled cuts the hand, even so a recluse』s life wrongly lived drags oneto a stateofwoe. 312. Any loose act, any corrupt observance, any life of questionable celibacy –none ofthese bear much fruit. 313. If anything is to be done, let one do it with sustained vigor. A lax monastic life stirs up thedust ofpassions all themore. 314. An evil deed is better left undone, for such a deed torments one afterwards. But a good deed is better done, doing which one repents notlater. 315. Just as a border city is closely guarded both within and without, even so, guard yourself. Do not let slip this opportunity (for spiritual growth). For those who let slip this opportunity grieve indeed consigned to hell. 316.Those who are ashamed of what they should not be ashamed of, and are not ashamed of what they should be ashamed of—upholding false views, they go tostatesof woe.
1纖磨(Khemaka)是美男子,給孤獨長者的姪子,多次犯邪淫,有三次被抓 到,因為國王敬重給孤獨長者,所以每次譴責之後,就放過他。給孤獨 長者帶纖磨去見佛陀,佛陀跟纖磨說邪淫的後果嚴重。
- Those who see something to fear where there is nothing to fear, and see nothing to fear where there is something to fear—upholding false views, they go tostatesof woe. observance︰n.遵守,禮儀。 lax︰a.n.散漫的,松弛的。 monastic︰a.修道院的,修道士的;n.修道士。
〈311~ 313〉 311不善執孤沙1,則傷害其手;沙門作邪行,則趣向地獄。 312諸有懈惰行,及染污戒行,懷疑修梵行,彼不得大果。 313應作所當作,作之須盡力!放蕩游行僧,增長于欲塵。2
314不作惡業勝3,作惡後受苦。作諸善業勝,作善不受苦。
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1孤沙:Kuso,一種香茅草,其草葉有刺。
2有位比丘向另一位比丘懺悔砍草(tinam chinditva)的惡作行為,但那位比 丘不在意此事,甚至自己用雙手拔草。當佛陀告誡他時,他才明白,身 為比丘,要克制身口意。
3不作惡業勝︰ Akatam(已不作) dukkatam(惡作) seyyo(勝)。 DhA.CS:pg.2.303.︰ d ddddu uuuuk kkkkk kkkka aaaaY ttttan ananananti savajjam apayasamvattanikam kammam.(惡作︰有過失的,涉及惡趣的業。)
4從前,有一位嫉妒心重的婦女,發現丈夫和女僕私通。她將該女僕手腳 綁起來,割掉她的耳朵和鼻子,並且關在密室里。然後,她陪同丈夫到 祇樹給孤獨園。他們出發後不久,這女僕的來訪的親戚,進門之後,發 現有機竅,找到女傭,就將她松綁,並帶她到給孤獨園去。她更站在群 眾當中,讓大眾親眼目睹她家女主人的殘酷手段。佛陀因此說:「犯惡 行,以為『別人不知道我的惡行』,小惡都不應作,但善行可以悄悄的做。 遮掩作壞事,作了會懊悔,而善行只會帶來喜悅。」
315譬如邊區城,內外均防護,自護當亦爾。剎那莫放逸。 剎那疏忽者,入地獄受苦。1
〈316~ 317〉 316不應羞而羞,應羞而不羞,懷此邪見者,眾生趨惡趣。 317不應怖見怖,應怖不見怖,懷此邪見者,眾生趨惡趣。2
1一群比丘在邊境的村落雨安居,第一個月村民很照顧他們,第二個月該 村被搶劫,之後,村民因此就無法妥善照顧他們。雨安居後,當他們到 祇樹給孤獨園向佛陀請安,也報告雨安居的困境。世尊因此說了此偈。
2裸形外道用布遮缽 (防灰塵及眾生 ),卻不用布遮身。世尊因此說了此偈。
- Those who imagine evil where there is none, and do not see evil where it is—upholding false views, they go to states of woe. 319. Those who discern the wrong as wrong and the right as right –upholding right views, theygo torealms ofbliss.
〈318~ 319〉 318非過思為過,是過見無過,懷此邪見者,眾生趨惡趣。 319過失知過失,無過知無過,懷此正見者,眾生趨善趣。1
1外道信徒不希望他們的孩子和佛教徒的孩子在一起,某次因緣,佛陀要 這些孩子進來,講法給他們聽,後來他們的父母知道了,說「他們毀了 的話」,有佛教信仰的鄰居聽到,過來跟他們談佛法,他們才開始到給 孤獨園聞法,對三寶有信心。