物理、心理、倫理：佛教與科學的三大交涉點

近現代以來，將佛教與科學置于同一平台進行考察與對話已成為一個新興的理論視域。參加議論的，既有佛學家，也有科學家，兩種原本看似排異的力量逐漸尋找著彼此的融合點，從而拓寬了各自的理論疆域，並促成可一門邊緣學科的誕生。

在不少人眼里，不是將佛教視作迷信，就是將迷信等同于佛教。發現佛教與科學的接軌點並將佛教科學化，在很大程度上可以消除科學時代人們對佛教的誤解與偏見，同時引導佛教徒在正本清源中正信正行，使佛教在新的語境中獲得新的生命力；而佛教的許多獨特價值不但可以為科學提供富有啟發意義的認識路徑，而且也可以彌補與校正科學的某些實踐缺失與價值偏弊，以共同促進文明與和諧社會的建設。應當說，這是「佛教與科學」雙向受益的一個過程。

我認為，「佛教與科學」可以在物理、心理、倫理三大交涉點上展開：

一、從物理學層面看，佛教之「空」本指「因緣和合」、「真空妙有」的「無限可能性」，而科學對宏觀本體與微觀本體的探索也最終指向「無限大」與「無限小」，兩者共同的目標是在整體的、有機的、主客觀交融的普遍聯系中探索與揭示宇宙存在的實相與本來面目。與世間許多宗教、哲學總要預設一個本體、大梵或上帝不同，佛教從體證出發，在紛紜萬象中概括出緣起法則，得出「諸行無常」、「諸法無我」的結論，以「如實知見」宇宙實相，從而使人們不是在迷信中祈求護佑，而是在心靈的感悟中獲得解脫的力量；而伴隨著科學的發展，人類對本體論與認識論的探索也在不斷深化。正如當代英國科學史家布魯克教授所言：「按照那種把原子看成是一個含有各種可能性的系統的量子力學詮釋，把原子還原為關于其組成部分的狀態的單一描述是行不通的。在原子中，基本粒子的獨立身份消失了，描述系統的規律不能從描述其組成部分的規律中推導出來，它們與包含它們的那些系統處于共生的關系之中，如玻爾告誡：在尋找生命的和諧時，人們千萬不能忘記，在存在的戲劇中，我們自身既是演員，又是觀眾。」所不同點，一為體證，一為實證，一為性智，一為量智，它們是人類智慧的兩大有機組成部分，缺一不成完整的、健全的智慧。性智是人文的、價值的、求道的、整體的、靈性的、直觀的、情感的、做人的智慧，量智是科學的、理性的、邏輯的、數理的、實驗的、做事的智慧，只有將雙方彼此打通、綜合運用，人類才能不斷認識大自然和人自身以及所有未知世界的奧秘，才能不斷有所發現、有所創新。這種理性主義的態度是佛教與科學的精髓，也是佛教與科學可以達成交涉的堅實基礎。

二、從心理學層面看，佛學可以說就是一門最古老的「心學」，佛陀即以療治眾生心病的大醫王為己任。以「如實知見」的智慧來「自知其心、自淨其意」是佛教極為殊勝之處。此點在佛教「唯識學」中得到了充分的體現。佛陀細緻入微地解析了心識的生起、形態、結構與功能，並提出了一系列「轉識成智」以及獲得心靈淨化與解脫的方便法門與操作技術，樹立了由人成佛的超越型人格的典范。現代人由于不能善治其心，故染上了浮躁不安、緊張焦慮等種種心病。而佛陀的所謂八萬四千法門，門門其實都是對治心病之法。如果我們能善用佛陀「心」的智慧，以靜心對治動心、以好心對治壞心、以信心對治疑心、以真心對治妄心、以包容心對治狹隘心、以無心對治有心、以永恆心對治無常心、以平常心對治執著心，那麼我們就能釋放出心的不可思議的妙用。和諧世界，從心開始。心淨則國土淨，心安則眾生安，心平則世界平。現代西方心理學諸如弗洛伊德精神分析法中對人類潛意識的描述、榮格對集體無意識的揭示以及弗羅姆、叔本華、胡塞爾等哲學中都可以看到佛學的影子。西方心理學家能在實驗與資料的餓基礎上研究人格的發展過程以及行為的潛在因素，但卻在人格改造上暴露出明顯的局限。佛教心理學在這方面的統一性給我們提供了許多有益的啟示。

三、從倫理學層面看，佛教基于三世因果的業力論所提出的「諸惡莫作，眾善奉行，自淨其意，是諸佛教」的「七佛通戒偈」，具有強大的社會教化功能。科學從事物普遍聯系中揭示出因果關系的法則，而佛教則將這種因果法則運用于社會倫理與人格塑造之中，具有高度理性化的特質。佛陀理性化的業力因果論既消解了神意倫理的迷信色彩，也在強化「自作自受」中避免了宿命論、機運論等倫理學說的弊端。佛教倫理學特別強調業由心造、人心有能自主其業的自由意志，從而對于人類發揮主觀能動性、力行眾善、自鑄良善人格、淨化生存環境、提升生命境界、共建人與自然、人與人、人與自身和諧發展的美好社會具有切實的道德實踐效用。正是基于這樣一種理念，我們太原白云禪寺自覺實施了「日行一善、善行一日」的日常道德機制，呼喚更多的人們從每一天做起、從每一件小事做起，把對善良的理論認知，價值訴求轉化為最真誠、最具體的行動，並將其養成為一種最為內在的信念、情懷、境界、習慣與人格。我們深知，最好的善就像水一樣，自然而然，無處不在，而且不但能夠自善，還可善人，並能隨時隨地以自己的人格與行為帶動和影響他人共同參與到這項活動中來，以形成社會互動和社會風尚。我們常常無法做偉大的事，但我們可以用偉大的愛去做些小事。如果每個人能夠「日行一善」，那麼日積月累，積行成習，積習成德，積德成賢，就會成就全社會的大善與至善。佛教在科技時代的獨特價值，也可以在我們具體的倫理體系與道德實踐中體現出來。

自近代以來，整個世界在推進工業化和信息化的歷史進程中，科技和生產力得到了前所未有的發展，創造了巨大的物質財富和文化財富，從而在很大程度上滿足了人們的生存需求和發展需求，但同時也遭遇到了許多現代性問題。在出現生態危機的同時，也出現了心態危機、價值危機和道德危機；人類進化了智商，退化了智慧；發達了科技，淡化了人文。這種通過向外逐物、向自然掠索來滿足欲望的文明發展模式極易導致人類逐物不返，將欲望變質為永無休止的「貪欲」，走向一種「深度迷失」。現代文明急需在重構中調整自己的價值航向，進而能夠真正尋求到一條以人為本、多維和諧、走出異化怪圈的新的發展之路。如果我們能夠從佛家智慧中汲取有益的營養，並從中衍生和轉換為現代人所需要的生態智慧、道德智慧、和平智慧、和諧智慧和心理智能的話，那麼，最古老的東方智慧將重新煥發出新的生命力並成為建設和諧社會的取之不竭的價值資源。

正如愛因斯坦、羅素等著名科學家所呼籲的那樣：在科學發展的同時，不能忽視人性的覺悟，並且認為探索真理應該是兩條路互補：一條是器證與推理，一條是覺悟與體證，甚至認為道德標準與道德價值應該置于科學真理之上。我們相信，佛教與科學的關系不但是一個富有內涵的研討會命題，而且會導致思想的突破與實踐的超越。這無論對佛法，對科學，都是值得歡喜讚歎的世紀福音。

Physics, Psychology and Ethics: Three Big Cross Points Between Buddhism and Science

Beiji

Modern days, taking Buddhism and science to a common terrace become new theory field. In this discussion, not only accomplished monks, there is also scientist, two totally different kinds powers seem to be looking for their integration points, the result is their theory fields open widely, and develop a new interdisciplinary subject.In many people』s eyes, they have a thought that Buddhism is superstition, equal superstition to Buddhism. Discovering the cross points between Buddhism and science is not to say that the Buddhism is science , but to remove people』s misunderstanding and prejudice to the Buddhism in this era, in the meantime it can also guide Buddhist clearing up the spring or source of moral character, make the Buddhism acquired new vitality in the new language territory; And many the special value of Buddhism not only can provide science a new way of understanding, and can also make up and correct some fulfillment imperfection and value of science. We have to say, these are a double action benefit for both Buddhism and science.

I think that “Buddhism and science” can carry out in three cross points, that is Physics, psychology and ethics

First, in the physics level, emptiness of Buddhism means dependently rising』s infinite possibilities, and science also finally point to “infinite great” and “infinite small” with the quest of macro scale and microcosmic, both of common targets is contact with whole, organic, and subjective-objective unity the purpose is to find out the truth of universe. Different from the other religions and philosophies, Buddhism do not have to have a ontology or a god, it sets out from sanditthiko, to general the origin rule in the confused things of the universe, and gets the conclusion of “ Impermanence “, “ No selfness “, and makes people do not pray guarding and protecting in the superstition by” Knowing and Seeing “, but get power form heart』s release; And accompany with the development of science, the mankind』s quest to the ontology and the epistemology is continuously also deepening. Just as contemporary British historians of science Brooker says:“to take the atom to the system of quantum mechanics single which contains every heritability can not be explain, the opposite is not working too, In the atom, the independent identity of basic grain son disappeared, the regulation of description system is not the ability deducing from the description that it constitute parts of regulations, they and their those systems included are placed in the relation of symbiosis, Bohr says: to look for life of harmonious, people must not forget, in the drama, our oneself since is an actor, and then is an audience.“The different is, sanditthiko, demonstration, xingzhi, Mental capacity certificate, they are two big organic constitute part for mankind, which can not lack , xingzhi is humanities, valuable, a way , whole, intelligence, a view, emotion, direct insight is science , reasonableness , logic, mathematics, experiment, the intelligence for working, only breaking two things through to use both of them, the mankind then can continuously know universe and theirself, then can continuously have a detection and have innovation.The attitude of this kind is the essence of Buddhism and science, also the solid foundation that Buddhism and science can reach a negotiation.

Second, from the psychology level, the Buddhish can say that is the most ancient “School of Mind”, Buddha thought his mission was to treat people』 anxiety. With the help of the intelligence of” insight accordant with reality” to “know oneself its heart, from clean its idea” is Buddhism』s peculiarities. We can find it in the Buddhism everywhere. The Buddha extremely analyzed the mind and consciousness, its samuppada, type, structure and function, and put forward a series of rcam and how to acquire a mind, it find a way to take the people to the Buddha. Because of having no ability to cure their hearts, modern people are so nervous, worry and anxiously etc. Buddha has eighty-four thousand kinds of teaching, every teaching is the method that can cure our. If we can know how to handle the intelligence of the Buddha and deal with bad ideas, so we can release a heart of unimaginable extraordinary effect. Harmonious world will be since from heart. Heart clean, the national is clean, heart peace then living things peace, the heart can even make the world peace. Modern western psychology such as Freud, Sigmund who invent the psychoanalyses, Carl G. Jung, who find collective unconsciousness, and Erich Fromm, Arthur Schopenhauer and E. Edmund Husserl, in their theories we can find the mark of the Buddhism. Western psychologist can do the research of human character based on the experiments and the data, but they limit in reforming personality. Buddhism psychology t provides many beneficial apocalypses for us.

Three, in the ethics, based on Cause and Effect in the Three Time Periods theory, Buddhism suggests: Don』t do any evil and pursue everything which is virtue, Self-purification of its meaning are all Buddhist, its have strong social culture function. Science gives the law of a causal relationship from general relationship, but the Buddhism then use this kind of cause and effect rule at the social ethics and the personality in, it has high reasonableness turns. The Buddha』s causal relationship theory eliminates the superstition color, also beef up 「Self do, self have」. The Buddhism ethics specially emphasize result is built by the heart and we can control, thus we mankind could develop subjective activity, do good things, decontaminate existence environment, promote life state. according to such a principle, we carrying out “do a good thing one day, one day do good thing” and call more people do good thing at our side, from doing this we make people know what is good and kind, and turn into their own value claim, To their inside conviction, state of mind, state, habit and personality. We realize, kind and honest are like water, it will be everywhere. We want people to know it can not only good to themselves, but also good for others. We hope it will be a social behavior. We usually can not do a great matter, but we can do some small matters with the great love. If everybody can do a good thing a day, day after day, it will be a great matter.Buddhism』s special value in science and technology ages, can also come out in our concrete ethics systems and the morals fulfillments.

From modern age, the whole world is pushing forward industrialization and informationization progress, productive forces and science get an unprecedented development and create huge material wealth and cultural wealth, it is a large extent satisfied people』s existence and development needs, but at the same time, many modernity problems come out. While appearing an ecosystem crisis, also appearing a mindset crisis, value crisis and morals crisis; the mankind evolved intelligence quotient and deteriorated intelligence; Flourishing science and technology, downplayed humanities. This way which asks for outside and nature too much has cause many big problems. The modern civilization needs looking for a way come out. If we can take beneficial nourishment from the Buddhism intelligence, and get ecosystem intelligence, morals intelligence, peaceful intelligence, harmonious intelligence and words of wise mental state that the modern people need, the t ancient eastern intelligence will afresh shining new vitality, also become constuct harmonious society of value resources.

Just as what Einstein and Russell…etc said: When science develops, we can not neglect human nature, and they also think the way to quest the truth should have two roads and they are complementation : One is reasoning and experiment, the other is consciousness and sanditthiko, the ethical value and morals standard should be over the science.We believe that the relationship between Buddhism and science isn』t only a seminar that is rich with a content to set question, but also will cause the outstripping of breakthrough and fulfillment of thought. To the, to, is It is worth celebrating for both Buddhist and science .

作者簡介：

悲寂，山西省太原市佛教協會副會長。