心靈環保與社會和諧
覺醒
針對當今社會形形色色、錯綜複雜的矛盾和沖突，第二屆世界佛教論壇提出「和諧世界，眾緣和合」的主題，極具針砭時弊、激濁揚清之時代意義。和諧世界離不開善緣聚集，和諧世界期待著從心開始的自覺，和諧世界期待著社會大眾有一顆環保的心靈。 一、社會和諧期待心靈環保 工業經濟和知識經濟的發展，尤其是以全球化為特點的知識經濟的發展，給人類社會各類矛盾帶來了廣泛和深刻的影響，當今社會的各類矛盾可以歸結為人與自我、人與群體、人與自然三類，而三類矛盾的成因，不外乎利益驅動、制度差異、觀念缺陷等幾個方面。如何看待人的精神生活與物質生活的關系、個人利益與群體(集體、民族、國家)利益的關系、國家與國家之間的關系、人與自然的關系，以及不同地區、不同國家的文明、文化、價值觀念的關系；如何調適思想觀念以緩解乃至化解人類社會的矛盾及其根源，從而集全社會之力共同構建和諧世界，是人類面臨的緊迫問題。 佛教倡導社會和諧，而社會和諧的落腳點在于眾生心理的調適、心靈的調伏。社會和諧的根本要旨，在于以心靈的和諧薰導、感化世界。 １、和諧社會期待著人天相安。人類的生存發展依賴自然，同時也影響著自然。人與自然唇齒相依、血肉相連的依存關系，正為科學的高度發達後人類隨心所欲駕御自然能力的畸形發展所稀釋。但是，佛法的因果法則和殘酷的現實都在警示著人類，漠視自然規律，對自然過度無序的索取，一切以眾生欲望之滿足為出發點和歸宿，必將遭到並且已經遭到自然的報復，給人類自身帶來深重的災禍和無盡煩惱。人與自然之不和諧，實在是源自于人心欲念的雜音過于繁盛，源于心靈調伏的嚴重失衡。 ２、和諧社會期待著人際善緣結集。平等互助、扶貧濟困的良好風尚、平等友愛、融洽和睦的人際關系，使尊重人、理解人、關心人、信任人成為人們的自覺行動。和諧社會，是社會成員和諧相處的社會，是能夠協調各方利益的社會。構建和諧社會，人際關系的和諧應當視作中樞。而佛陀所倡導的同體大悲，無緣大慈的博大深沉的濟世襟懷，無疑是人際關系和諧最為殊勝的境界。 ３、和諧社會期待著社會眾緣和合。社會公平和國際正義的維護，社會、民族、宗教矛盾的化解，社會公正、公民權利、法律規范的保障，人格、信仰、風俗、語言的尊重，社會性、國際性、地區性突出矛盾熱點問題的解決，是實現社會和諧的必要前提，是構建和諧世界的必備因緣。 二、佛教環保始于心靈 發端于印度、發展于華夏、發揚于東南亞、發散于世界各地的佛教，無論是南傳、北傳，抑或是藏傳，無不以「心」為中心，推演為輝煌的佛法教義體系，架構出篤實的佛法踐行理路，融化于豐富的世間人倫規范，護佑著祥和的天人和諧氛圍。佛教對于環保問題的態度同樣首重于心靈的淨化。 1、佛教環保始于「依正不二」的宇宙心。 以「十方三世」的廣闊時空觀為基礎，佛教大力倡導「依正不二」的宇宙觀，明確主張人類和自然之間，不僅不相互對立，反而相互依存。依報是生命依存的環境，正報是生命主體本身。生命主體和生存環境，雖然在客觀世界的現象中，可以作為兩個不同的對象來認識，但是，就其本質而言，卻是一個不可分割的整體。倘若把主體與環境的關系對立起來考察，就不可能掌握雙方的真諦。況且，環境本身也並非一成不變。即使是同一自然，同一土地，由于生存其間的生命的主體不同，環境存在的意義也就迥然各異。從這個意義上看，生命主體與其所生存的環境是「一體不二」的關系。佛法不斷探求生命與環境的這種渾然一體的關系，終于在運動于宇宙的生命力中發現了生命的原動力——緣起無我的法則。 2、佛教環保始于「眾生一如」的平等心。 佛教將包括植物在內的一切生物都納入眾生平等的理念之中，肯定佛性的平等。佛教尊重人的崇高和偉大，承認人類具有難能可貴之優勢，同時也主張人類以外的所有生物，與人一樣都具有成佛作主的「真如佛性」。以「緣起」理論為基石，佛教認為：人不應該是對生物界漠不關心的壓迫者，而應當作為生物界善良的保護者，對所有生物施加仁慈，珍惜它們、愛護它們。佛教眾生平等的理念，若能為世界維護生態平衡的實踐所接受，必將具有長久而深遠的影響力。 3、佛教環保始于「因果報應」的善惡心。 基于對客觀規律的如實體察和全面了解，佛教用普遍聯系的方法，對宇宙萬事萬物之間的因果關系作了較為細緻、深刻、準確的分析。把因果報應的發生歸結為自身的因素，歸結為內在的心念和由此而來的善惡行為。主張發揮人的主觀能動性、積極性，倡導敢于負責、直下承當的主人翁意識。佛教雖然不反對偏重于個人心靈的改造和淨化，但是，更提倡和鼓勵「立足社會，服務大眾」的奉獻精神。因為只專注個人的利益不會得到永恆的幸福，而且，往往適得其反，所以，佛教樹立了大乘菩薩心行規范，從力行十善到慈悲為懷，把入世度生作為佛教徒最高的理想和社會責任。 4、佛教環保始于「共生共榮」的慈悲心。 人類，不論是古代人還是現代人，都是大自然的子孫而不是大自然的主人。人類如果想要保持對于環境的優勢，就必須使自己的行為符合自然規律。人類征服自然的企圖，通常只會破壞自身賴以生存的自然環境。一旦環境惡化，人類文明也就隨之衰落。任何一個文明社會存在的基礎，都在于有一個持續的「生命支持系統」。佛經指出：「一切法若無慈悲，皆為魔法；一切法若有慈悲，則皆佛法。」慈悲是佛法的根本。唯有平等慈悲，人類共生共榮的持久和平才有可能。以四攝法施行慈悲、實踐慈悲，並用慈悲的眼光平等看待一切眾生，用慈悲的語言、慈悲的面容、慈悲的音聲化導有情，從而讓慈悲精神走進人們內心深處，注入社會和國家肌體之中，踏踏實實地構築起人類和諧的堅實基礎。
三、心靈環保重在踐行
佛教文化中：濟世利人的道德規范、慈愛和同的處世方式、順應自然的行為原則、崇儉抑奢的生活信條、清淨恬淡的精神境界、人與自然和諧相處的生態智慧等思想，為我們保護生態環境、構建和諧社會起到了指路明燈的作用，但是，如何把佛教閃光的思想落實于具體的行動中，還需要我們不斷探索和實踐。筆者以為，佛教心靈環保思想的實踐可以從以下六個方面切入：
１、明緣起而平等視物 佛教緣起思想認為：宇宙間的一切事物，不論是屬于自然界的，還是屬于生命界的，都無一例外地由種種關系結合而成，離開了各個結合的關系，事物或現象將無法生成。根據這一法則，人與人、有情與有情、有情與無情，彼此息息相關。從中我們可以體會到眾生一體的「大我」精神。雖然佛法的最高層次是要達到「無我」的境地，但是大乘佛教除了培植獲得個人解脫的智慧之外，更主要的還是要樹立「無緣大慈」、「同體大悲」的利他思想。身處生死流轉過程中的眾生，因為各自業力、習性、環境、背景等因素的差異，而表現為現象界的千差萬別，但是千差萬別的現象並不能掩蓋眾生生命本質上的同一，也就是眾生在理性上的平等。這種同一的生命本質，就是一切有情心中本來具有的「佛性」，也就是緣起性空的法性。因此佛教主張 「眾生皆有佛性，人人都能成佛」，強調有情應和樂共存、相互容忍，以期佛佛道同、心心相印、事事無礙、法界圓融。
２、去我執而安寧心態 五蘊是組合有情生命的元素，由五蘊組合的生命，本是緣起的假現，在這生命的內在，要想求得一個實在的自我，是絕對不可能的。眾生不了解它的緣起假合，以為內有一個實在自我，從而在內心生起堅固執著。因為眾生執有自我，所以一切苦痛便由此而生。人類的互相斗爭，世界的苦難不已，根本原因就在于不了解「我」本無體，只是假名而已。一般人不了解這個道理，只知道重視自己，不知道尊重別人，甚至為了滿足自己的私欲，不惜犧牲他人的利益。現實世界所上演的一幕幕違法案件及戰爭鬧劇，正是「我」字作祟的結果。所以佛法認為眾生的自我妄執，是世界的禍亂之源，是人生的苦痛之本，倘若不能擊破我們自心對自我的執著，世界將永遠不得和平，人生將終究不得安樂。
３、興慈悲而博愛濟眾 慈善之舉能給人以快樂，悲憫之心能解除他人的痛苦。「無緣大慈，同體大悲」，就是要無條件地實踐慈善事業，以「人溺己溺」的精神解除他人的苦難。在佛法看來，生命原本就是共同體，是一而不是二，是同而不是異。傷害他人，破壞環境，就是傷害自己。我們沒有理由剝奪他人的生命，沒有理由不讓其他人或動物生活在地球上。佛教戒律主張不殺生，其目的在于弘揚慈悲，但是理論依據卻在于把生命看成一個整體。它要求每個人學會自律和反省，沒有任何強制性，完全基于對生命本身的尊重。佛教一貫反對暴力、戰爭，其根源就在于它深刻的人生觀和宇宙觀。
４、行報恩而恆順眾生 大乘佛法教導佛弟子應踐行菩薩道、報答四重恩，而報恩的對象廣攝父母、師長、國家、社會乃至全人類。知恩報恩乃是佛弟子不容推諉的社會責任。菩薩道所指向的六度四攝，要求我們在深入眾生、利樂眾生中淨化自己，在祥和社會中展現自身的價值。我們要以佛法教義協助世間法律，以最徹底的感恩報恩之心來面對每一個人，潛移默化地淨化社會大眾的心靈，從而共同創造社會祥和、世界和美、人民幸福的新生活。
５、無相欺而融合世界 釋迦牟尼佛是倡導世界和平的使者。「戰勝增怨敵，戰敗臥不安，勝敗兩俱舍，臥覺寂靜樂」，是佛陀熱愛和平、反對戰爭的聖訓。人人渴望和平，世界需要和平，但和平不可能從天而降。真正的和平應該建立在慈悲、智慧、平等、無我的磐石上，面對經濟全球化的浪潮，不倚強凌弱、以大欺小；面對時有發生的紛爭與沖突，不以武力對抗，而應通過對話代替對抗，交流代替沖突的方式，維護世界的和平。
６、聚善緣而構建和諧 「和諧世界，從心開始」，「從心開始」的世界，不可或缺的是善良、道德、真誠、仁愛等無數積極、健康、向上的善緣。締造和諧文明的世界不是某個人、某個家庭、某個民族、某個國家的事情，而是全世界、全人類的共同事業。一切都要靠我們自己，從身邊的善事做起，從善行的感化中令他人感動做起，哪怕是一句關心的話語、一份微薄的施舍、一次善意的救助、一點愛心的支持，都會匯集成一條通向世界和諧的陽光大道。
佛教思想對于維護生態平衡、保護地球環境的意義，已經越來越為社會有識之士所倡導和弘揚。佛教重在人類解脫的精神境界，從直面人生現實的缺陷著手，透過現實的迷霧，探索心靈的脈絡，最終體悟世界的真如妙理，拯救眾生，改善社會，圓滿人生。人類只有從心靈深處根植愛的種子，才能有春華秋實。「我們只有認真了解了天空，才能扎根于大地。我們只有認真了解了地球，才能使生命扎根于地球。我們只有認真了解了生命，才能扎根于生命。」同理，我們只有了解了生命，才能培育出愛心，只有擁有了愛心，才能熱愛生命，才能不傷害任何生命。如果我們對包括自身在內的一切生命個體都保持平等和愛戀，無緣大慈，同體大悲，那麼，世界將會變得更加美好。 在新世紀的曙光里，讓我們打破愚昧、迷茫，消除自私、卑劣，追求平等、博愛，用深邃的智慧、高尚的人格、文明的生活，創建並維護美好的生命網絡，讓每一個生靈都生存在至愛的藍天下、明媚的春光里。
Spiritual environment protection and the harmonious society Ven. Juexing
To highlight the theme of the 2nd World Buddhist Forum, 「A harmonious world, a synergy of conditions」, is the way to resolve the different contradictions and conflicts in the world. It is the theme that represents the main trends of the contemporary society. The harmonious world could not be built up without a consciousness from the bottom of mind. The harmonious world should be sustained by protected spiritual environment.
一、The harmonious world should be sustained by protected spiritual environment
The result caused by the industrial economy and knowledge economy, has made a profound influence on the contradictions inherited in the human beings. We can divide the contradictions into three categories: contradiction between human and their ego, contradiction between people and the society, contradiction between human beings and the natural world. All the contradictions are caused by interests, the different regulation systems and the abused conceptions. How to adopt the correct relation between the spiritual life and the material life, interests between individuals and collective, relation between nations, relation between human and nature, and the different relations between nations, areas, cultures and values in different places, and, how to adjust the notions of people to relive or resolve the serious contradictions, are the most urgent problems we have to face. Buddhism advocates the harmony of the society. A harmonious society should be based on people』s mind, a peaceful and kindness mind. 1、A harmonious society needs a peaceful relation between the human beings and the nature. The development of the human society relies on the nature. And the action taken by human beings affects the nature also. Human beings and the nature have the mutual relation, one can not survive without the other. But the relation has been damaged by the rapidly developed contemporary science and technology. The theory of Buddhist dependent origination has showed us that human will pay for all by themselves if they do not pay attention to the relation between human beings and the nature. And now, they have deserved what they have done to the nature with endless needs. The disharmony between human and the nature are derived from the greed mind of our human beings. 2、 A harmonious society needs a peaceful relation between different kinds of individuals in the world. A harmonious society is a kind of society that interests of different groups could be arranged suitably. All persons have the equal rights and abilities to gain the interests. Man should learn how to help others in need, know how to handle the difficult situation with others, know how to give respect to others and know how to trust others, etc. The peaceful relationship between different persons is the key point for a harmonious society. The notion advocated by Buddhism, boundless compassion and uncontainable pity, is the best method to set up a harmonious relation between persons. 3、A harmonious society needs a synergy of conditions. Nowadays, there are many different contradictions and conflicts in the world should be resolved as the support conditions for harmonious society. To keep the equality and dignity of the society, to maintain the peaceful relation between different races are also the conditions for a harmonious society. Everyone has his own rights in personality, faith and languages. It is necessary for constructing a harmonious society to pay attention on hot issues in different areas and resolve the conflicts between them.
二、 Buddhist environment protection begins in minds
The main topic in Buddhism is the theory about mind. It has its different diversity forms in India, China and the area of Tibet. From the main topic, Buddhism develops its whole academic system to preach his disciples to practice Buddhism, to teach its disciples maintain the universal regulations of the society, to protect the harmony atmosphere in the world. On the topic of environment protection, the Buddhism thinks it is also derived from the purified mind. 1、The conception of Buddhist environment protection begins from the mind of 「oneness of life and its environment」 Based on the conception of endlessness time and space, Buddhism gives its opinion on the universe, oneness of life and its environment. The two different parts, life and its environment, are not contradictory. One can not exist without the other. The environment exists for the life to live, and lives live only in the environment. We can treat them as two separate objects in our recognition theories, but we can not get the correct understanding when we deal with one and ignore the other. The definition of any one of them should be changed with the change of the other. So, the conception of 「oneness of life and its environment」 in Buddhism is a truth. Based on the truth, Buddhism explores the origination of life and its developing progress, it find the basic doctrine on the origination of the life–dependent origination. 2、 The conception of Buddhist environment protection starts from the mind of 「all beings are equality」. Buddhism thinks all the beings, even like the plants, are equality. They respect the superiority of human beings, and they also thinks the other beings like plants, animals, etc. should be given the same opportunities for their lives. As the conception of dependent origination tells us, human beings should be the kindness protector to other beings. They should love animals and protect plants. If the Buddhist conception of equality could be accepted by human being, it could play profound influence on sustaining the balance of the bio environment in the world. 3、The conception of Buddhist environment protection starts from the karma mind Having known thoroughly about the phenomena and regulations of the world, Buddhism analyses the cause and effect in depth and accurately with the law of universal relations. It dedicates the motivation of good or evil actions to human』s mind. Single mind brings individual』s action, good or evil. So, it is important for one to purify his mind. But it is not enough, Buddhism encourages the whole human beings should have purified mind to do more good thing to the world. For, if one concentrates on his interests, it could not bring the progress of the society. Buddhism takes it as its supreme ideal that to save all the beings in the world with its boundless compassion. It is think that to teach human beings to practice boundless compassion and great pity for the world is the responsibility of Buddhism. 4、The conception of Buddhist environment protection starts from the pity mind of mutual-relation. Human beings, no matter in ancient or in modern society, are all the products of the nature world. They have to practice the action obey the law of the nature. Any cultivated society can not stand without the basic and sustained live-supported system. Any change of the system will break the balance of the nature. Just like the Buddhism tells us: what goes around comes around. Compassion and pity is the basic doctrine in Buddhism. Only on this basic doctrine could human build up an intergrowth and Co-prosperity society. Carrying the compassion in his language, facial, sound when we teach the Buddhist preaching. Making the whole society full filled with compassion and pity. Only by this way could we build up the solid and sustaining base for the harmonious society.
三、It is important to practice when we talk about the spiritual environment protection
In Buddhism, the moral regulation of benefiting others, the action style of compassion and pity to others, the law of action-done as the nature allowance, the saving life style, the simple and easy meted spiritual state, the wisdom of harmonious relation with the nature, are all valuable conceptions for us to protect the ecology environment and to build up the harmonious society. But, how to carry these notions into practice, is a big issue we should deal with carefully. On my opinion, the practice of Buddhist spiritual environment protection could be discussed in six aspects, just like follows: 1、With the same mind to evaluate different things according to the Buddhist conception of dependent origination. In Buddhist theories, the whole world, each elements consisted in the world are combined with others. They have mutual relation with each other directly or indirectly. One can not survive without the support of other elements. It is the first law Buddhism taught us. In ultimately, the nature of every thing and phenomena are the same, there are no difference between them. They are all the un-ignored part of the world. The ultimate nature of them has been covered by its different appearance. Everything in the world has its own characters that could lead it to the suitable position in the world. We man should realize it and do as the Buddha taught us. We should live in the same world with the effort to support each other. 2、Be in a serenity mind without selfness According to Buddhism, it is said that the five skandhas are the essential elements of live. All lives are made of with the five skandhas. Laypersons do not know the nature of life. They want to find some reality self in their life, which is impossible. All problems arisen from this idea. All people are puzzled in his belief of reality selfness. For one』s selfness, single person might fight with other person, races or countries might fight with other races or countries. All problems in contemporary world are derived from the unreality selfness. We have to change the conception that one having a reality selfness. Lives have no selfness. All lives are combined with the five skandhas. Only when we realize this can we get a harmonious society. 3、To benefit others with Buddhist compassion With a compassion mind, one could feel happy. To give compassion and pity to others could help them to relive their pains. The Buddhist boundless compassion asks the disciples to give their compassion to others without any rewards. In Buddhism, all beings in the world have the same Buddhist nature. One can not hurt the other. One has no rights to kill others. We can not deprive the living right of animals or plants. If we destroyed them, we are just like do suicide. Buddhism tells us not to kill. No killing is one of the important sila in Buddhism. The reason why Buddhism advocates no killing is to let people know that all beings have the same right in living, and we all should be compassion to other beings. So, Buddhism objects any kind of wars. 4、To give thanks and keep the harmony relation with other person The Mahayana Buddhism teaches their disciples to practice the activities like Buddha. Giving thanks to their parents, teachers and tutors, their nations, the society and the whole human beings. Thanksgiving is the obligation and responsibility of Buddhist disciples. The teaching of the four Amicable Qualities and six Perfections in Buddhism ask the disciples to purify their mind and highlight the Buddhist values in the mundane society. We should use the Buddhist doctrines to help the laws in the society, use the Buddhist thanksgiving to treat everyone in the world, purify the minds and their thoughts in the world. By this way, we could build up a harmonious society with auspiciousness and happiness. 5、No lying and to be coincident with the world Buddha Sakhyamuni is an advocate of a peaceful world. His saying—Your beat will reinforce the hostile attitude of your opponents, your being beat will make your unsuitable of yourself; if one leave from the situation of beat or be beat will lead a peaceful lift, is the motto of Buddha to support peace and against wars. Everyone hope the world could be in peaceful statue and the world needs peace, but, a peace world can not give us without our efforts. The true peace must be based on the human beings』 compassion, wisdom, equality and non-selfness. In the contemporary situation of globalization in finance, the bigger and stronger could not bully the smaller and weakness. In order to maintain a peaceful world, we should use interaction and dialogue instead of compaign. 6、To cultivate kindness mind and build up a harmonious society. 「A harmonious world Begins in the mind」. In a 「begins in the mind」 world, it is necessary for having the characteristics like kindness, moral, loyalty and other healthy and positive characteristics. To build up a civilization and harmonious world is not the responsibility only for single one person, single one family, single one race and single one nation, but for the whole world, the whole human beings. We should start from the little things around us, like once a time kindness help, a warm-hearted encouragement word, a small help giving, all these can act as the pavement lead to a harmonious world. The Buddhist theories are gradually affirmed by the society in the ecology environment and global protection. The Buddhist theories focus on the liberation in mind. Practicing it doctrines in the mundane surroundings could find the ultimate reality truth in the world. After having such knowledge, we could save ourselves and save the world. Only when we plant the seeds in mind could we get the fruits after then. Just like the sayings—all good results come from the diligent efforts. So, after knowing thoroughly about the meaning of life, we could cultivate a kindness mind, with which we will never hurt any other beings. If we all had the Buddhist boundless compassion, the world will become better and better. In the new era, let』s get rid of fatuity and the puzzled mind, demolish selfness and unhealthy mind, and full fill us with equality conception and boundless compassion. We should build up a beautiful and harmonious world with the profound Buddhist wisdom, the civilization life style and the gracious personality, and to guarantee all the beings live in a life with endless love.